Hybrid Breakthrough Boosts Thermoelectric Efficiency by Over 100%

[konerto]

Thermoelectric materials, which convert heat directly into electricity, offer exciting possibilities for powering the ever-growing Internet of Things—particularly when it comes to enabling energy autonomy in small devices like microsensors. However, a major challenge in the field has been improving the efficiency of these materials by suppressing heat conduction through lattice vibrations without reducing electrical conductivity.

An international team led by Fabian Garmroudi has now developed a new class of hybrid thermoelectric materials that successfully overcome this hurdle. Their approach achieves both reduced heat transport and enhanced electron mobility by combining two materials with distinct mechanical properties but similar electronic characteristics. The results are published in Nature Communications.

Thermoelectric materials ideally need to conduct electricity efficiently while simultaneously blocking heat flow—two properties that are typically at odds with each other. “In solids, heat is carried by both charge carriers and atomic vibrations in the crystal lattice,” explained Garmroudi, who completed his PhD at TU Wien and is now a Director’s Postdoctoral Fellow at Los Alamos National Laboratory. “In thermoelectrics, our aim is to minimize heat conduction from lattice vibrations, which don’t contribute to power generation.”

While researchers have made significant progress in reducing thermal conductivity in recent decades, finding materials that do so without sacrificing electrical performance has proven difficult. During a research stay at the National Institute for Materials Science in Tsukuba, Japan, Garmroudi developed hybrid materials that achieve this delicate balance.

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The new material was created by blending powders of two compounds: an alloy of iron, vanadium, tantalum, and aluminum (Fe₂V₀.₉₅Ta₀.₁Al₀.₉₅) and a bismuth-antimony mix (Bi₀.₉Sb₀.₁). When pressed under high pressure and temperature, the two powders form a compact hybrid material. Due to their different mechanical properties, they don't mix on an atomic level. Instead, BiSb accumulates at the micrometer-sized boundaries between FeVTaAl crystals.

This interface arrangement plays a crucial role. The crystal structures of the two materials differ enough that thermal vibrations cannot easily pass from one to the other, effectively blocking heat transfer at the boundaries. Meanwhile, because of their similar electronic properties, electron flow remains largely uninterrupted—and even enhanced.

The BiSb component contributes further by forming a topological insulator phase—a quantum material that insulates internally while supporting nearly loss-free electrical conduction along its surface. This clever engineering of the interface decouples heat and electrical transport, leading to a more than 100% boost in material efficiency.

“This is a significant step toward designing thermoelectric materials that can rival current commercial options like bismuth telluride,” said Garmroudi. Bismuth telluride has remained the industry standard since the 1950s, but the new hybrid materials promise greater stability and lower costs, making them a compelling alternative for future energy-harvesting applications.

[yaktown]

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